Thanks to all for your input here - a much bigger response than I ever imagined!
I'll have to go and count the links in my chain - I'm running a 38/16 ring & cog pair. I wasn't particularly careful in how I put the chain back on, other than to make sure it was running in the same direction as before. I didn't mark a point on the chainring to 'sync' it with, but I doubt it will be an issue - the last 500km have felt fine while riding.
However, I've just had even greater dramas here in Erzurum today - when doing my routine 'bolt check' to make sure everything is nice and tight, I noticed one of my chainring bolts was missing! I had a hell of a time getting another one in eastern Turkey, but I finally found a bike shop that happened to have an old set of cranks with the stud bolts I needed. It also turned out that the threads were stripped on two of the remaining three bolts, so I pulled them all and put the 'new' ones in. I'm sure this hasn't helped my uneven wear problems... I kept the remaining good original as a spare. I recommend anyone touring away from big cities to take some spares too - today was a bit stressful!