I have no idea what the white stuff would be but I suspect it is a product of dissimilar metal corrosion or perhaps aluminum oxide.
Do you have plans to use the bike in the near future that would require that you expedite anything you do?
For the future, if you try any rust preventative measures such as the frame saver I used, it is best to apply to a dry surface. I have no idea how permanent it would be if applied over a surface that is coated with WD 40. I also do not know if the WD-40 would dry to accomplish a similar solution, but since the rust and corrosion has started, you want to arrest that. Dave in the Shop might have thoughts on the best treatment.
Grease on a seatpost and in this case also on the shim is a standard recommendation to avoid dissimilar metal corrosion and also reduce or prevent water entry into the seat tube. That is one option.
I readily admit that I do not grease those parts on my Nomad Mk II. But I applied a rust inhibitor before I built up the bike, I am in part relying on that. And with the eccentric designed the way it is, any water that gets in the seattube should drain out at the bottom instead of allowing it to accumulate like could happen on a normal bottom bracket.
The reason that I choose to avoid greasing mine is that when I pack up the bike for transport, I am trying to avoid having more greasy parts than are absolutely necessary. And as I mentioned above, I have a painted seatpost and painted shim to prevent metal on metal contact. (I now am thinking I should put another layer of paint on my shim.)
My other bikes without a shim and without a painted seatpost, I always grease those. The ones with a painted seatpost, I grease those too, mostly to limit water ingress. But with a painted seatpost, I admit that I am more careless than I should be.
Before you do any serious traveling on the bike, re-lubing everything that should have lube on it might be a good idea. I am assuming your headset and bottom bracket has sealed bearings, thus nothing to do on them. But just about anything else likely could use some lube. And an inspection for any corrosion.
You probably should change the oil soon on the Rohloff, but if I was doing that, I would go for a bike ride of several km first and use it in every gear to try to get any particles into suspension in the oil immediately before I drained the oil.