Is it possible to fit the front Chainglider without the rear?
It is possible, at the cost of a little extra noise and possibly considerable extra maintenance, depending on where and how you ride. But why would you want to do it?
I haven't run a Chainglider without the rear locking part, while some posters here have, JohnR for one. He got 2000 miles on a half-Chainglider-covered KMC chain. Inside a full Chainglider I get c3000 miles on a KMC chain at about 0.5mm wear when I put on a new one at the same time as I change the oil in the Rohloff. They're not the same model KMC chain, but they likely have the same lube. I run my chains for their entire life on the factory lube and these days don't even bother to open the Chainglider in between Rohloff services because I know by test that the Chainglider protects my chain well to over 5000km.
About your problem with the steel chain guard on the chainring, I used spacers from SJS to mount the chainring at Rohloff's preferred spec for the chainline (which depends on whether your sprocket is threaded or clipped and also whether you have the 13 tooth sprocket or something more sensible).
Good luck with getting your bike just as you want it.