I have seen track chainrings that look like that in the past, but that was not for derailleur bikes.
I took the attached photos in the Smithsonian Institute in spring 2013, a museum in Washington D.C. The camera I had does not have a good flash, so I was trying to take photos without the flash, but it was quite dark so the photos are pretty poor. Sorry. The first two photos have a vintage bike with that same tooth pattern on the chainring. I do not recall for sure, but it is possible that this was a Wright Brothers bicycle.
The third photo, is that a chainglider?